Important supplements part 1.

LOL, the majority of my friends and clients are female so I gear most things to them.

Multi- discussed in previous chain due to calorie deficit.

Antiox - dieting releases harmful free radicals, hard on internal organs and skin. Dont want to loose weight and get rough skin. :-)

Omega3 - help with metabolism, cancer fighter, cardiovascular disease fighter. Both higher chances in woman. Yo-Yo dieting increases those chances as well.

Calcium - Women are at a greater risk than men of developing osteoporosis, so it’s important to get plenty of calcium to support your bone health, especially while exercising. Injuries are why most of us gained weight in the first place. Pregnancy can be classified as a bodily injury.

Magnesium - Calcium alone is not enough. magnesium, vitamin D, and vitamin K, help your body absorb and actually make use of the calcium. Magnesium being the primary assist in absorption.

I hope this helps.

One thing to note that none of the studies you listed showed these woman were in a calorie/nutrient deficit due to dietary restrictions and excess use of nutrients from extra exercise. It shows taking these in excess of amount needed is bad for you. But again I am speaking of woman exercising and restricting calories for a goal, need to supplement these nutrients to remain in balance of necessary macro nutrient levels. But very interesting studies.

Also a bit difficult to get an accurate measurement of mortality issues on woman beginning supplement program at average age of 61.6 years at baseline in 1986. Any normal study will have a 5% lenience of error so a 2.4% change with all the factors contributing at almost 62 years of age is a skewed study to begin with. Just my opinion.

I see you are very passionate on your point here. But, allow me to explain. Macronutrients like the ones we are discussing in multi-vitamins are things like the following:

Bone Strength with a high level of Calcium, more† Vitamin D and Magnesium
Breast Health with more† Vitamin D
Heart Health with Vitamins B6, B12, C, E, and Folic Acid
Immunity with Vitamins C, A, E and Selenium
Physical Energy with B vitamins and Chromium
Healthy Reproductive System with Folic Acid, Magnesium, Zinc and Calcium. Provides nutritional support during PMS and Menopause
Healthy Skin with Vitamins A, C, Copper and Iron

Blood work done by a doctor, even work as extensive as a Chem 14 or a Comprehensive Metabolic Panel tests for:

Albumin: 3.9 to 5.0 g/dL
Alkaline phosphatase: 44 to 147 IU/L
ALT (alanine aminotransferase): 8 to 37 IU/L
AST (aspartate aminotransferase): 10 to 34 IU/L
BUN (blood urea nitrogen): 7 to 20 mg/dL
Calcium: 8.5 to 10.9 mg/dL
Chloride: 96 - 106 mmol/L
CO2 (carbon dioxide): 20 to 29 mmol/L
Creatinine: 0.8 to 1.4 mg/dL **
Glucose test: 100 mg/dL
Potassium test: 3.7 to 5.2 mEq/L
Sodium: 136 to 144 mEq/L
Total bilirubin: 0.2 to 1.9 mg/dL
Total protein: 6.3 to 7.9 g/dL

Now the only one these really share in common is Calcium. And yes Calcium in excess can lead to calcium deposits and bone spurs. But since milk is higher in sugar and difficult for the body to digest (as all dairy is) we rarely see high levels in exercising woman.

So with that said the only one that tests for the macro nutrients we are discussing is a specialty doctor or dietitian. They do this though food analysis and if you talk or work with any of them they will tell you that if you are dieting (or as I prefer, menu planning) and exercising than you are not getting enough of these nutrients. For every one study you can find regarding ill effects of multi-vitamins I can show you 50 that are positive. As well as thousands of personal trainers, health care professionals, and dietitians That would agree from personal experience on themselves and their clients. I happen to fall in all 3 of those categories.

I hope this explains things a bit better. And please let me know if you have any other questions. I love your passion and your willingness to research and question the status quo.