People on the margins: A discussion regarding net calories

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  • PeachyCarol
    PeachyCarol Posts: 8,029 Member
    edited June 2015
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    If I go by what my HRM tells me, I burn 1300 calories with exercise. If I eat half of that, my "net" calories will be 950. But I don't believe that is the correct number of calories burned. So I don't log that figure. Instead, I take the number from MapMyRide, but with my weight in MapMyRide set to 100 pounds. That gives me a calorie burn of 545. So, when I eat the 2145 calories MFP tells me to eat, my net calories is the 1600 I'm expecting.

    My question is, why would you want to claim calories that you know you aren't burning? Who cares what the estimating tools say, if you know you aren't burning those calories, don't log them. It only messes up what MFP tells you.

    Because I'm silly and like a bit of fun in my day. It's the same reason I enjoy fortunes in fortune cookies. At the end of the day, it doesn't matter what MFP tells me, it matter what the scale tells me and if my body is nourished.

    This isn't the point, though. The point is apparently, I'm not alone. A lot of people don't cut their burns in half when logging them. I can tell from what I see people logging on their feed.

    I wanted to address the fact that generally, in the forums, I see two pieces of blanket advice given out... eat back half your calories!!!! and don't have too low a net caloric intake!!!!!

    The issue I've never seen addressed until this thread? I've never seen anyone tell someone to only LOG half the burn for people using NEAT.

  • Sabine_Stroehm
    Sabine_Stroehm Posts: 19,263 Member
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    rabbitjb wrote: »
    Kalikel wrote: »
    rabbitjb wrote: »
    Kalikel wrote: »
    rabbitjb wrote: »
    Kalikel wrote: »
    No piece of advice works for everyone.

    That is why discussion boards are nice. People who want a variety of opinions can get them. Maybe hear something new.

    There is no One, True Way to lose weight.


    Yes there is Calories in < Calories Out

    There is no one true path to acheiving that .. whatever suits .. but that ..is absolutely the over-riding, indisputable true way
    Honestly, even that won't help everyone. Not everyone can eat little enough to lose weight.

    There is no one thing you can say that will work for everyone. "Eat fewer calories than you burn" is pretty basic and would work for most people, lol, but it's not really a plan, KWIM? Everyone has different goals, etc.


    Honestly yes it will

    OK maybe you need medical intervention to fix your calories out part of the equation but that doesn't negate it

    Eat fewer calories than you burn is meant to be basic .. because if the goal is weight loss that's the basic answer .. the one 'true path'

    We have free will to create the plan that suits our psyche / our lifestyle / our fancies and desires

    But it still boils down to CICO

    I think you and I are having two different conversations, lol. I was talking about weight loss advice. That's all. I'm not getting into the craziness of those CICO fights. If I seemed like I was, I apologize.

    If you believe that there is one piece of weight loss advice that will go for every single person, we disagree, but I hope we can agree to disagree on that. :)

    You mean do what I do doesn't cut it .. I'm shocked ...:smile:

    Yeah I agree .. there's no ubiquitous this is how you reach your defecit advice .. people have got to (wo)man up and find their own way to achieving CI<CO

    This is a good discussion to wake up to this morning.
  • TimothyFish
    TimothyFish Posts: 4,925 Member
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    If I go by what my HRM tells me, I burn 1300 calories with exercise. If I eat half of that, my "net" calories will be 950. But I don't believe that is the correct number of calories burned. So I don't log that figure. Instead, I take the number from MapMyRide, but with my weight in MapMyRide set to 100 pounds. That gives me a calorie burn of 545. So, when I eat the 2145 calories MFP tells me to eat, my net calories is the 1600 I'm expecting.

    My question is, why would you want to claim calories that you know you aren't burning? Who cares what the estimating tools say, if you know you aren't burning those calories, don't log them. It only messes up what MFP tells you.

    Because I'm silly and like a bit of fun in my day. It's the same reason I enjoy fortunes in fortune cookies. At the end of the day, it doesn't matter what MFP tells me, it matter what the scale tells me and if my body is nourished.

    This isn't the point, though. The point is apparently, I'm not alone. A lot of people don't cut their burns in half when logging them. I can tell from what I see people logging on their feed.

    I wanted to address the fact that generally, in the forums, I see two pieces of blanket advice given out... eat back half your calories!!!! and don't have too low a net caloric intake!!!!!

    The issue I've never seen addressed until this thread? I've never seen anyone tell someone to only LOG half the burn for people using NEAT.

    You haven't? At some point, I would think that you would've read one of these posts where someone told someone to calculate their calorie burns accurately and to use net calorie burn instead of gross calorie burn when logging their calories. When people tell people to eat half of their calories, they're telling people the same thing, they just don't realize it because they haven't taken the time to figure out why eating half of the exercise calories reported works.
  • cdcllcga01
    cdcllcga01 Posts: 71 Member
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    I think the dichotomy of MFP wanting you to eat “all your exercise calories” back is an implied “incremental” exercise calories. The reason the rule of thumb is to only log half your exercise calories is most calculators include the BMR portion of burn during the time you were exercising as part of the answer (wouldn’t you include those too if you were in the marketing department of a fitness company????).

    For the math folks, Total Exercise Caloric Burn = BMR Burn + Incremental Exercise Burn

    BMR calorie burn is already factored into your goal calories on MFP – so essentially you are double counting every time you log 100% of calories credited from exercise calculators. So OP, I think it is totally reasonable to go with rabbitjb’s suggestion of only logging half the calories expended according to the calculators so you don’t show an inaccurate deficit (i.e. < 1200).

    But in general, I agree folks that are older and shorter get a raw deal on CICO. Bottom line is they need to consume less than the rest. A positive is they get to spend less on food too!
  • PeachyCarol
    PeachyCarol Posts: 8,029 Member
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    If I go by what my HRM tells me, I burn 1300 calories with exercise. If I eat half of that, my "net" calories will be 950. But I don't believe that is the correct number of calories burned. So I don't log that figure. Instead, I take the number from MapMyRide, but with my weight in MapMyRide set to 100 pounds. That gives me a calorie burn of 545. So, when I eat the 2145 calories MFP tells me to eat, my net calories is the 1600 I'm expecting.

    My question is, why would you want to claim calories that you know you aren't burning? Who cares what the estimating tools say, if you know you aren't burning those calories, don't log them. It only messes up what MFP tells you.

    Because I'm silly and like a bit of fun in my day. It's the same reason I enjoy fortunes in fortune cookies. At the end of the day, it doesn't matter what MFP tells me, it matter what the scale tells me and if my body is nourished.

    This isn't the point, though. The point is apparently, I'm not alone. A lot of people don't cut their burns in half when logging them. I can tell from what I see people logging on their feed.

    I wanted to address the fact that generally, in the forums, I see two pieces of blanket advice given out... eat back half your calories!!!! and don't have too low a net caloric intake!!!!!

    The issue I've never seen addressed until this thread? I've never seen anyone tell someone to only LOG half the burn for people using NEAT.

    You haven't? At some point, I would think that you would've read one of these posts where someone told someone to calculate their calorie burns accurately and to use net calorie burn instead of gross calorie burn when logging their calories. When people tell people to eat half of their calories, they're telling people the same thing, they just don't realize it because they haven't taken the time to figure out why eating half of the exercise calories reported works.

    Wait. A net calorie burn is not the same thing as net calories eaten.

    A net calorie burn removes BMR from exercise calories accounted for.

    Not the same thing.
  • PeachyCarol
    PeachyCarol Posts: 8,029 Member
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    cdcllcga01 wrote: »
    I think the dichotomy of MFP wanting you to eat “all your exercise calories” back is an implied “incremental” exercise calories. The reason the rule of thumb is to only log half your exercise calories is most calculators include the BMR portion of burn during the time you were exercising as part of the answer (wouldn’t you include those too if you were in the marketing department of a fitness company????).

    For the math folks, Total Exercise Caloric Burn = BMR Burn + Incremental Exercise Burn

    BMR calorie burn is already factored into your goal calories on MFP – so essentially you are double counting every time you log 100% of calories credited from exercise calculators. So OP, I think it is totally reasonable to go with rabbitjb’s suggestion of only logging half the calories expended according to the calculators so you don’t show an inaccurate deficit (i.e. < 1200).

    But in general, I agree folks that are older and shorter get a raw deal on CICO. Bottom line is they need to consume less than the rest. A positive is they get to spend less on food too!

    Exactly. Now that I've had my first cup of tea, I can probably enter into this discussion I started a little more fluently.

    I think we can probably do a better job explaining things, and asking for numbers.

  • Sued0nim
    Sued0nim Posts: 17,456 Member
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    cdcllcga01 wrote: »
    I think the dichotomy of MFP wanting you to eat “all your exercise calories” back is an implied “incremental” exercise calories. The reason the rule of thumb is to only log half your exercise calories is most calculators include the BMR portion of burn during the time you were exercising as part of the answer (wouldn’t you include those too if you were in the marketing department of a fitness company????).

    For the math folks, Total Exercise Caloric Burn = BMR Burn + Incremental Exercise Burn

    BMR calorie burn is already factored into your goal calories on MFP – so essentially you are double counting every time you log 100% of calories credited from exercise calculators. So OP, I think it is totally reasonable to go with rabbitjb’s suggestion of only logging half the calories expended according to the calculators so you don’t show an inaccurate deficit (i.e. < 1200).

    But in general, I agree folks that are older and shorter get a raw deal on CICO. Bottom line is they need to consume less than the rest. A positive is they get to spend less on food too!

    this makes sense .. I always wondered why they were so out .. haven't used MFP database estimates for months though
  • lemurcat12
    lemurcat12 Posts: 30,886 Member
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    SezxyStef wrote: »
    When I first started with MFP I ate them all back and lost the weight I wanted...so I am one of those that "eat back half" doesn't apply to.

    For women who are smaller/shorter/leaner I do still think 1200 should be the minimum unless you can be assured you are getting in your nutrients. I say this because it is very hard to get in minimums within 1200 calories...let alone 900...

    However that being said if it is one or two days it won't "kill" you so I am sure that even my thoughts have exceptions.

    Eh, but that's the point. It's not really 900. I could cut the logging of the burn in half and it would net right around 1200. I'm eating back half. It's just the way the math works out when you down to the margins.



    Yes, this.

    I don't really worry about hitting a specific number for net. In fact, since I switched to TDEE method I don't see net. What I worry about is eating at least 1200 (not that I'm ever close anymore to being under that) and not having an excessive overall deficit. I think really low nets often indicate a problem with that. A net under 1200 for someone on a lower calorie requirement (or just generally smaller) doesn't.

    For example, I can do TDEE-20% and get a calorie goal of about 1650 which will result in a loss of about 1 lb per week (not that I've been doing this lately). Very often I exercise more than 450 calories in a day, but on other days I exercise less. I don't worry about that, since 1650 is plenty of calories to get in nutrients. If I started to lose more than expected or feel run down or tired, I'd eat more.

    I think broader questions are just "are you eating enough food to get in nutrients" (which isn't about the net) and "is your deficit excessive."
  • PeachyCarol
    PeachyCarol Posts: 8,029 Member
    Options
    rabbitjb wrote: »
    cdcllcga01 wrote: »
    I think the dichotomy of MFP wanting you to eat “all your exercise calories” back is an implied “incremental” exercise calories. The reason the rule of thumb is to only log half your exercise calories is most calculators include the BMR portion of burn during the time you were exercising as part of the answer (wouldn’t you include those too if you were in the marketing department of a fitness company????).

    For the math folks, Total Exercise Caloric Burn = BMR Burn + Incremental Exercise Burn

    BMR calorie burn is already factored into your goal calories on MFP – so essentially you are double counting every time you log 100% of calories credited from exercise calculators. So OP, I think it is totally reasonable to go with rabbitjb’s suggestion of only logging half the calories expended according to the calculators so you don’t show an inaccurate deficit (i.e. < 1200).

    But in general, I agree folks that are older and shorter get a raw deal on CICO. Bottom line is they need to consume less than the rest. A positive is they get to spend less on food too!

    this makes sense .. I always wondered why they were so out .. haven't used MFP database estimates for months though

    Shapesense has a calculator for calculating net burn. I might start using their burn for water jogging too. It's less than MFP. I still don't know that I'd eat back all those calories, though! Too many variables.

  • ndj1979
    ndj1979 Posts: 29,139 Member
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    Kalikel wrote: »
    rabbitjb wrote: »
    Kalikel wrote: »
    No piece of advice works for everyone.

    That is why discussion boards are nice. People who want a variety of opinions can get them. Maybe hear something new.

    There is no One, True Way to lose weight.


    Yes there is Calories in < Calories Out

    There is no one true path to acheiving that .. whatever suits .. but that ..is absolutely the over-riding, indisputable true way
    Honestly, even that won't help everyone. Not everyone can eat little enough to lose weight.

    There is no one thing you can say that will work for everyone. "Eat fewer calories than you burn" is pretty basic and would work for most people, lol, but it's not really a plan, KWIM? Everyone has different goals, etc.

    actually, it works for everyone, and please stay on topic. You are derailing this thread.
  • PeachyCarol
    PeachyCarol Posts: 8,029 Member
    Options
    lemurcat12 wrote: »
    SezxyStef wrote: »
    When I first started with MFP I ate them all back and lost the weight I wanted...so I am one of those that "eat back half" doesn't apply to.

    For women who are smaller/shorter/leaner I do still think 1200 should be the minimum unless you can be assured you are getting in your nutrients. I say this because it is very hard to get in minimums within 1200 calories...let alone 900...

    However that being said if it is one or two days it won't "kill" you so I am sure that even my thoughts have exceptions.

    Eh, but that's the point. It's not really 900. I could cut the logging of the burn in half and it would net right around 1200. I'm eating back half. It's just the way the math works out when you down to the margins.



    Yes, this.

    I don't really worry about hitting a specific number for net. In fact, since I switched to TDEE method I don't see net. What I worry about is eating at least 1200 (not that I'm ever close anymore to being under that) and not having an excessive overall deficit. I think really low nets often indicate a problem with that. A net under 1200 for someone on a lower calorie requirement (or just generally smaller) doesn't.

    For example, I can do TDEE-20% and get a calorie goal of about 1650 which will result in a loss of about 1 lb per week (not that I've been doing this lately). Very often I exercise more than 450 calories in a day, but on other days I exercise less. I don't worry about that, since 1650 is plenty of calories to get in nutrients. If I started to lose more than expected or feel run down or tired, I'd eat more.

    I think broader questions are just "are you eating enough food to get in nutrients" (which isn't about the net) and "is your deficit excessive."

    I'd switch to TDEE in a heartbeat if it weren't for my migraines and PsA flares. But... they pop up and my exercise isn't consistent enough because of them. It would sure simplify things.

  • ndj1979
    ndj1979 Posts: 29,139 Member
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    OP - I see some people that eat back 75% to 100% of their exercise calories and it works for them. The only people that I ask if they eat 100% of exercise calories are people that are stalled, as they are usually eating 100% of exercise calories and not using a food scale, and there in lies their problem.

    Perhaps, you should try to eat back 100% of your exercise calories for two weeks and see if you keep losing one pound per week? If it works then you know that you can eat back 100% and still lose weight.

    At the end of the day these things really are trial and error. I have been at this for a while now, and I pretty much have my gain level, maintenance level, and cutting level pegged to within 100 calories.

    Final thought - have you ever considered switching to TDEE method instead of MFP method? That way, your activity level is already built in and you do not have to worry about exercise calories burned.
  • SingRunTing
    SingRunTing Posts: 2,604 Member
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    This is why I TDEE. There's just no accurate way to calculate workout calories and I was spending too much time debating on exercise calories and how much to eat back. My workouts are fairly consistent, so I picked a TDEE - X% goal from the Scooby calculator and just tried it for a while. I adjusted from there.
  • trina1049
    trina1049 Posts: 593 Member
    edited June 2015
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    I'm a Margin-ite. 5'2.5," 65 years old and close to goal having lost 48lbs with 4-6lbs left to hit maintenance. I'm set at 1200 calories but rarely eat so few. I eat back about half to three quarters of my exercise calories so my net is always below 1200. Now, so close to goal, I'm only losing about a pound per month. I feel great, I'm active (working out 4Xs per week lifting weights and some cardio), and fairly energetic for a 65 soon to be 66 year old.

    I used to worry about netting under 1200 cals but since all systems are go I just ignore the net and stick with my 1200 plus exercise calories. I've been able to cut my meds back by half (blood pressure, cholesterol) and my doctor is happy. It's working for me.

    Edited to add: I'm using a Fitbit Charge HR to track my calories burned with both the Fitbit and MFP set to 1200 calories with the negative calorie adjustment enabled on MFP. I checked the Fitbit against my Polar FT7 for gym exercise only and my overall day seems pretty accurate with the Fitbit so I've quit using the HRM. I've continued losing weight at the same rate.
  • SingRunTing
    SingRunTing Posts: 2,604 Member
    Options
    lemurcat12 wrote: »
    SezxyStef wrote: »
    When I first started with MFP I ate them all back and lost the weight I wanted...so I am one of those that "eat back half" doesn't apply to.

    For women who are smaller/shorter/leaner I do still think 1200 should be the minimum unless you can be assured you are getting in your nutrients. I say this because it is very hard to get in minimums within 1200 calories...let alone 900...

    However that being said if it is one or two days it won't "kill" you so I am sure that even my thoughts have exceptions.

    Eh, but that's the point. It's not really 900. I could cut the logging of the burn in half and it would net right around 1200. I'm eating back half. It's just the way the math works out when you down to the margins.



    Yes, this.

    I don't really worry about hitting a specific number for net. In fact, since I switched to TDEE method I don't see net. What I worry about is eating at least 1200 (not that I'm ever close anymore to being under that) and not having an excessive overall deficit. I think really low nets often indicate a problem with that. A net under 1200 for someone on a lower calorie requirement (or just generally smaller) doesn't.

    For example, I can do TDEE-20% and get a calorie goal of about 1650 which will result in a loss of about 1 lb per week (not that I've been doing this lately). Very often I exercise more than 450 calories in a day, but on other days I exercise less. I don't worry about that, since 1650 is plenty of calories to get in nutrients. If I started to lose more than expected or feel run down or tired, I'd eat more.

    I think broader questions are just "are you eating enough food to get in nutrients" (which isn't about the net) and "is your deficit excessive."

    I'd switch to TDEE in a heartbeat if it weren't for my migraines and PsA flares. But... they pop up and my exercise isn't consistent enough because of them. It would sure simplify things.

    Adjust your TDEE to account for these missing workouts. Choose 1-3 hours a week instead of 3-5 hours a week (or whatever). Or just realize that you might not lose at a consistent rate. Either method is ok. I miss workouts once in a while, but I know that I might lose a little slower that week and don't freak out over it.
  • Azexas
    Azexas Posts: 4,334 Member
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    This is why I TDEE. There's just no accurate way to calculate workout calories and I was spending too much time debating on exercise calories and how much to eat back. My workouts are fairly consistent, so I picked a TDEE - X% goal from the Scooby calculator and just tried it for a while. I adjusted from there.

    This is what I do. I found the MFP way of eating calories back confusing because I felt like I never could figure out an accurate burn.
  • PeachyCarol
    PeachyCarol Posts: 8,029 Member
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    ndj1979 wrote: »
    OP - I see some people that eat back 75% to 100% of their exercise calories and it works for them. The only people that I ask if they eat 100% of exercise calories are people that are stalled, as they are usually eating 100% of exercise calories and not using a food scale, and there in lies their problem.

    Perhaps, you should try to eat back 100% of your exercise calories for two weeks and see if you keep losing one pound per week? If it works then you know that you can eat back 100% and still lose weight.

    At the end of the day these things really are trial and error. I have been at this for a while now, and I pretty much have my gain level, maintenance level, and cutting level pegged to within 100 calories.

    Final thought - have you ever considered switching to TDEE method instead of MFP method? That way, your activity level is already built in and you do not have to worry about exercise calories burned.

    I might try TDEE for maintenance. What I'm doing works for now. My thyroid's a bit whacked at the moment though, so I need to wait for that to get sorted (appt set for a few weeks).

    The thing that scares me about TDEE is that I had a two month long migraine this past winter (freaked my neuro out too), but I know nothing I do is written in stone.

    The bottom line is that what I'm doing works okay for now for me.

    I've been around long enough that I'm cool with having sorted through all the information and having arrived at what was pertinent and the right answer though.

    The issue I wanted to raise in this thread is that maybe it's not always clear to someone newer, though.

  • PeachyCarol
    PeachyCarol Posts: 8,029 Member
    Options
    trina1049 wrote: »
    I'm a Margin-ite. 5'2.5," 65 years old and close to goal having lost 48lbs with 4-6lbs left to hit maintenance. I'm set at 1200 calories but rarely eat so few. I eat back about half to three quarters of my exercise calories so my net is always below 1200. Now, so close to goal, I'm only losing about a pound per month. I feel great, I'm active (working out 4Xs per week lifting weights and some cardio), and fairly energetic for a 65 soon to be 66 year old.

    I used to worry about netting under 1200 cals but since all systems are go I just ignore the net and stick with my 1200 plus exercise calories. I've been able to cut my meds back by half (blood pressure, cholesterol) and my doctor is happy. It's working for me.

    Edited to add: I'm using a Fitbit Charge HR to track my calories burned with both the Fitbit and MFP set to 1200 calories with the negative calorie adjustment enabled on MFP. I checked the Fitbit against my Polar FT7 for gym exercise only and my overall day seems pretty accurate with the Fitbit so I've quit using the HRM. I've continued losing weight at the same rate.

    Margin-ites unite!!!!

    Thanks for the edited addition about the Fitbit. I'm thinking of getting one, especially when I get to maintenance. Though I'll likely be stuck entering my data for pool activities.

  • trina1049
    trina1049 Posts: 593 Member
    Options
    trina1049 wrote: »
    I'm a Margin-ite. 5'2.5," 65 years old and close to goal having lost 48lbs with 4-6lbs left to hit maintenance. I'm set at 1200 calories but rarely eat so few. I eat back about half to three quarters of my exercise calories so my net is always below 1200. Now, so close to goal, I'm only losing about a pound per month. I feel great, I'm active (working out 4Xs per week lifting weights and some cardio), and fairly energetic for a 65 soon to be 66 year old.

    I used to worry about netting under 1200 cals but since all systems are go I just ignore the net and stick with my 1200 plus exercise calories. I've been able to cut my meds back by half (blood pressure, cholesterol) and my doctor is happy. It's working for me.

    Edited to add: I'm using a Fitbit Charge HR to track my calories burned with both the Fitbit and MFP set to 1200 calories with the negative calorie adjustment enabled on MFP. I checked the Fitbit against my Polar FT7 for gym exercise only and my overall day seems pretty accurate with the Fitbit so I've quit using the HRM. I've continued losing weight at the same rate.

    Margin-ites unite!!!!

    Thanks for the edited addition about the Fitbit. I'm thinking of getting one, especially when I get to maintenance. Though I'll likely be stuck entering my data for pool activities.

    Maybe a Margin-ite Unite group? :D Get the Fitbit now because the longer you wear it, the more accurate it becomes (creepy, right?). Yea, not waterproof, but you can guesstamate the pool stuff.
  • Sued0nim
    Sued0nim Posts: 17,456 Member
    edited June 2015
    Options
    trina1049 wrote: »
    trina1049 wrote: »
    I'm a Margin-ite. 5'2.5," 65 years old and close to goal having lost 48lbs with 4-6lbs left to hit maintenance. I'm set at 1200 calories but rarely eat so few. I eat back about half to three quarters of my exercise calories so my net is always below 1200. Now, so close to goal, I'm only losing about a pound per month. I feel great, I'm active (working out 4Xs per week lifting weights and some cardio), and fairly energetic for a 65 soon to be 66 year old.

    I used to worry about netting under 1200 cals but since all systems are go I just ignore the net and stick with my 1200 plus exercise calories. I've been able to cut my meds back by half (blood pressure, cholesterol) and my doctor is happy. It's working for me.

    Edited to add: I'm using a Fitbit Charge HR to track my calories burned with both the Fitbit and MFP set to 1200 calories with the negative calorie adjustment enabled on MFP. I checked the Fitbit against my Polar FT7 for gym exercise only and my overall day seems pretty accurate with the Fitbit so I've quit using the HRM. I've continued losing weight at the same rate.

    Margin-ites unite!!!!

    Thanks for the edited addition about the Fitbit. I'm thinking of getting one, especially when I get to maintenance. Though I'll likely be stuck entering my data for pool activities.

    Maybe a Margin-ite Unite group? :D Get the Fitbit now because the longer you wear it, the more accurate it becomes (creepy, right?). Yea, not waterproof, but you can guesstamate the pool stuff.

    Honestly I don't think you need the HRM version .. you could save money and get a one or a zip or similar - it still learns to be remarkably accurate

    HRM is for steady-state cardio only

    edit to add .. I don't mean to imply you need a fitbit .. only if it's the kind of toy / data you like (I like these types of things)