Interesting Studies: Probably low carb related in one way or another
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Can dietary saturated fat be beneficial in prevention of stroke risk? A meta-analysis.
This meta-analysis reveals that higher SFA intake is inversely associated with risk of stroke morbidity and mortality with race, sex, and BMI as key factors influencing this risk. There seems to be a threshold of SFA intake for inverse relation of SFA intake with stroke. However, the stroke-reducing or -increasing effects for specific subtypes and specific food sources of SFA can be concealed. Functions of specific subtypes of SFA (e.g. lignoceric acid) and specific food sources of SFA (i.e. plant vs. animal) in relation to stroke need to be clarified in further studies.
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Ken Ford talks with Peter Attia on a STEM-Talk podcast
Episode 1: Peter Attia on how to live longer and better
Two small snippets from the podcast about ketogenic diets:
22:18: The ideal diet minimizes glucose and has moderate but sufficient protein; the majority of the diet becomes fat.
The ideal diet should be one that minimizes glucose, to minimize insulin, but also minimizes protein which of course a well formulated ketogenic diet has relatively small amounts of protein in it because it spares so many amino acids and the majority of the diet becomes fat. And it's really funny every time I talk to, you know sort of one of the godfathers in this space and I walk them through this, they completely agree with you until you get to the "so then the rest is fat". Wait that can't be right.
So it's like, totally agree there's no reason to have 500g of carbohydrate a day and you don't need 200g of protein a day but you got to eat something. So I think for individuals who a ketogenic diet works - and I was certainly one of them - you are one of them, we have lots of friends who are in that camp who just have remarkable responses to ketogenic diets. You know I think it's a remarkable tool, that said, I've had the privilege of taking care of a lot of people for whom ketogenic diets don't work very well. And I haven't figured out why.
23:30: Ketogenic diets do not work for everyone. The efficacy of the ketogenic diets may have a genetic basis and it does not seem appropriate for everyone.
It's frustrating to a lot of patients because they just want this so badly to work and it doesn't. And there's no denying that. When you see their LDL-P skyrocket to 3500nmol/L, when you see their CRP skyrocket, when you see all of these changes that go in the wrong direction from a lipoprotein standpoint, inflammatory standpoint, from a hormonal standpoint. You can tweak it all you want you can say maybe there's too much omega 6 or maybe you gotta go more monounsaturated versus saturated fat but, you know, you've only got a handful of levers to pull there and in the end you sometimes just acknowledge that this diet is not optimal for this person. And yet, interestingly, I'll take that patient and I'll put them on a relatively carbohydrate restricted non-ketogenic diet and can have amazing results.2 -
The impact of a low glycaemic index (GI) diet on simultaneous measurements of blood glucose and fat oxidation: A whole body calorimetric study
Consumption of LGI meals was capable of attenuating 24-hour blood glucose profiles and decreasing postprandial glucose excursions in healthy Asian males. Additionally, LGI mixed meals were able to promote fat oxidation over carbohydrate oxidation when compared to HGI mixed meals. The consumption of low GI meals may be a strategic approach in improving overall glycaemia and increasing fat oxidation in Asians consuming a high carbohydrate diet.
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Lack of an association or an inverse association between low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol and mortality in the elderly: a systematic review
Conclusions High LDL-C is inversely associated with mortality in most people over 60 years. This finding is inconsistent with the cholesterol hypothesis (ie, that cholesterol, particularly LDL-C, is inherently atherogenic). Since elderly people with high LDL-C live as long or longer than those with low LDL-C, our analysis provides reason to question the validity of the cholesterol hypothesis. Moreover, our study provides the rationale for a re-evaluation of guidelines recommending pharmacological reduction of LDL-C in the elderly as a component of cardiovascular disease prevention strategies.
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Sugar-sweetened carbonated beverage consumption and coronary artery calcification in asymptomatic men and women
...only the highest category of sugar-sweetened carbonated beverage consumption was associated with an increased CAC score compared with the lowest consumption category. The multivariable-adjusted CAC ratio comparing participants who consumed ≥5 sugar-sweetened carbonated beverages per week with nondrinkers was 1.70 (95% CI, 1.03-2.81).
Conclusion
Our findings suggest that high levels of sugar-sweetened carbonated beverage consumption are associated with a higher prevalence and degree of CAC in asymptomatic adults without a history of cardiovascular disease, cancer, or diabetes.
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‘Moderation’ Is a Useless Concept
it’s an instruction so vague as to be fundamentally unhelpful. And in the absence of any standard measure, we’re each left to our own devices to figure out what moderation actually means. Which isn’t really a great strategy, as far as health strategies go: According to a new study in the journal Appetite, we tend to define moderation as whatever we’re already doing — or, in some cases, we push the threshold to just above our normal habits, so that moderation comes to mean eating a bit more than we have been.
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Age, obesity, dopamine appear to influence preference for sweet foods
As young people reach adulthood, their preferences for sweet foods typically decline. But for people with obesity, new research suggests that the drop-off may not be as steep and that the brain's reward system operates differently in obese people than in thinner people, which may play a role in this phenomenon.
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Effect of a high-fat Mediterranean diet on bodyweight and waist circumference: a prespecified secondary outcomes analysis of the PREDIMED randomised controlled trial
...three interventions: Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil (n=2543); Mediterranean diet supplemented with nuts (n=2454); or a control diet (advice to reduce dietary fat; n=2450). Energy restriction was not advised, nor was physical activity promoted.
Interpretation
A long-term intervention with an unrestricted-calorie, high-vegetable-fat Mediterranean diet was associated with decreases in bodyweight and less gain in central adiposity compared with a control diet. These results lend support to advice not restricting intake of healthy fats for bodyweight maintenance.
Funding
Spanish Government, CIBERobn, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Hojiblanca, Patrimonio Comunal Olivarero, California Walnut Commission, Borges SA, and Morella Nuts.
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Ketogenic diet's effect being tested on ovarian cancer patients after animal models proved successful.
"During the 12-week trial, 66 participants will be randomized into one of two diets—the ketogenic diet and a diet recommended by the American Cancer Society that emphasizes a need for whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and meats and oils low in saturated fat."
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Mice study.
Insulin-sensitive fat leads to obesity
The study showed that when mice ate normal food, their weight didn't change much whether they had normal, excessive, or low levels of SORLA. Mice with too much SORLA only gained extreme amounts of weight when they ate "fast food" - a diet high in fat and carbohydrates. "This suggests that adipose tissue that is overly sensitive to insulin only becomes a problem if you have an unhealthy diet," says Willnow.
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Regardless of weight, mannose levels point to diabetes risk
"We can measure mannose in the blood of lean or obese people and identify if they have increased risk for type 2 diabetes based on their mannose levels," Mardinoglu says.
The researchers found that subjects with high mannose levels have a higher risk for T2D. Lead author Sunjae Lee, a researcher with SciLifeLab at KTH, says that mannose can be used as a biomarker since blood mannose levels are quite stable and not influenced by recent food intake, unlike glucose levels.
The study forces us to reconsider assumptions about the relationship between obesity and diabetes. "Although the prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes continues to dramatically increase worldwide, a clear understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in the progression of associated disorders has still been lacking," Lee says. "So it is important to identify stable biomarkers that can be used for the early discovery of IR and future risk of T2D."
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GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate) higher is better.
Impact of low-carbohydrate diet on renal function: a meta-analysis of over 1000 individuals from nine randomised controlled trials
In the present meta-analysis, we identified that the increase in eGFR was greater in LCD compared with the control diet in overweight and obese individuals without CKD.
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Supplementing dietary sugar promotes endoplasmic reticulum stress-independent insulin resistance and fatty liver in goose
We then tested the hypothesis with an in vivo study, in which Landes geese overfed with traditional or novel diets (i.e., the traditional diet supplemented with sugar) were compared with control geese (normally fed with cooked maize) for ERS, IR and fatty liver. The differences in glucose tolerance, insulin tolerance and postprandial blood glucose between the geese overfed with traditional and novel diets suggested that supplementing dietary sugar promoted IR. This promotion was accompanied with an increasing trend of liver weight and abdominal fat weight relative to body weight.
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Tl;dr.3
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Very-low-calorie Ketogenic Diet with Amino acid Supplement Versus Very Low Restricted-calorie Diet for Preserving Muscle Mass During Weight Loss: A Pilot Double-blind Study.
CONCLUSIONS:
Our pilot study showed that
a VLCKD was highly effective in terms of body
weight reduction without to induce lean body
mass loss, preventing the risk of sarcopenia.
Further clinical trials are needed on a larger pop
-ulation and long-term body weight maintenance
and risk factors management effects of VLCKD.
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Some of these are very interesting to me. Thanks.
Did you add this one?
Metabolic Characteristics of Keto-Adapted Ultra-Endurance Runners
Conclusion
Compared to highly trained ultra-endurance athletes consuming an HC diet, long-term keto-adaptation results in extraordinarily high rates of fat oxidation, whereas muscle glycogen utilization and repletion patterns during and after a 3 hour run are similar.
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"Currently, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, the Department of Defense, and NASA are all running ketogenic experiments."
Who knew? Clickbait keto article in Men's Fitness:
The Truth Behind the World's Most Cutting-Edge, Fat-Burning Performance Meal Plan: The Keto Diet0 -
"Now new research finds that animal foods (eggs, some meats and dairy products) that contain vitamin D also have another lesser known form of this nutrient that hasn't been measured routinely in foods, says Janet Roseland, a nutritionist with the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Nutrient Data Laboratory.
For years most nutrient laboratories measured only the vitamin D3 (the primary form) and vitamin D2 in foods and supplements, she says. But some foods also contain 25(OH)D, which has not typically been included as part of the total vitamin D given for foods, even though it may be two to five times more potent than D3 or D2. "
The research was funded by the USDA's Agricultural Research Service and the National Institutes of Health's Office of Dietary Supplements.
Article: Research shines light on lesser known form of vitamin D in foods2 -
A randomized controlled trial of 130 g/day low-carbohydrate diet in type 2 diabetes with poor glycemic control
Reducing carbs was better than calorie restriction at lowering BMI and HbA1c.
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Dietary Saturated Fatty Acids and Coronary Heart Disease Risk in a Dutch Middle-Aged and Elderly Population
No association between total SFA intake and CHD risk.
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Added sugars drive nutrient and energy deficit in obesity: a new paradigm
We propose that obesity is a state of nutrient and energy deficit brought about, in part, by the overconsumption of added sugars (specifically high-fructose corn syrup and sucrose). Added sugars provide energy (calories), but in the context of consumption at current intake levels, they hinder the production of energy, and through the direct influence on a wide array of cardiometabolic disease processes, they lead to reduced quality of life and decreased lifespan, and thus cannot be considered food. As added sugars devoid of micronutrients displace more nutrient-dense foods in the diet, dilute nutrients from the body's stores and promote a host of disease states that impair nutrient absorption and energy homeostasis, efforts should be made to reduce their ubiquity and current levels of consumption.
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Short-term isocaloric fructose restriction lowers apoC-III levels and yields less atherogenic lipoprotein profiles in children with obesity and metabolic syndrome
Highlights
•We substituted glucose (in starch) for fructose (in sugar) for 9 days in children with obesity and MetS.
•VLDL, TG, apoC-II, apoC-III, and apoE were reduced.
•LDL-C, apoB, small dense LDL reduced, and LDL size increased.
•Small HDL and TG/HDL ratio reduced, as insulin sensitivity improved.
•Fructose restriction reduced ApoC-III and indices for atherogenicity.
Conclusions
Isocaloric fructose restriction for 9 days improved lipoprotein markers of CVD risk in children with obesity and MetS. The most dramatic reduction was seen for apoC-III, which has been associated with atherogenic hypertriglyceridemia.
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Discovery of a brain sugar switch
Researchers at Technical University of Munich discovered that our brain actively takes sugar from the blood. Prior to this, researchers around the world had assumed that this was a purely passive process. An international team led by diabetes expert Matthias Tschöp reported in the journal 'Cell' that transportation of sugar into the brain is regulated by so-called glia cells that react to hormones such as insulin or leptin; previously it was thought that this was only possible for neurons.
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Modified Atkins diet in advanced malignancies - final results of a safety and feasibility trial within the Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System
Conclusions
Modified Atkins diets are safe and feasible in advanced cancer. Quality of life was preserved. Patients who lost at least 10 % of their body weight responded the best. Steroid intake affected optimal ketone and glucose levels. Despite this, survival improved in some melanoma and lung cancer patients. Further studies are recommended.
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Habitual Dietary Intake among Recreational Ultra-Marathon Runners: Role of Macronutrients on Performance
"Low carb finishers 6 hours faster than high carb 161km ultra-marathoners but more low carbers did not complete race " -Tim Noakes
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Added Sugars and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Children
A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association
Committee Recommendations
On the basis of the existing literature and in combination with expert opinion, the following recommendations are made:
1. In randomized, controlled trials in which children and adolescents switch from SSBs to noncaloric beverages, reductions in weight were found, strengthening the likelihood that it is added sugars intake (at least in beverage form) that drives the causality of the findings. Therefore, it is recommended that children and adolescents limit their intake of SSBs to 1 or fewer 8-oz beverages per week (Class 1; Level of Evidence A).
2. In the absence of dose-assessment studies, we can only extrapolate from observational studies. On the basic of the studies showing an association between decreased CVD risk factors and a low consumption of added sugars and the high potential benefit-to-risk ration, it is reasonable to recommend that children and adolescents consume ≤25g (100 cal or ≈6 teaspoons) of added sugars per day {Class IIa; Level of Evidence C).
3. Because there is minimal room for nutrient free calories in the habitual diets of very young children, added sugars should be avoided in the diet of children <2 years of age (Class III; Level of Evidence C).
Conclusions
Our comprehensive review of the available evidence found that associations with increased CVD risk factors are present at levels far below the US children's current added sugars consumption levels. Current evidence supports the associations of added sugars with increased energy intake, increased adiposity, increased central adiposity, and increased dyslipidemia, all of which are demonstrated CVD risk factors. Importantly, the introduction of added sugars during infancy appears to be particularly harmful and should be avoided. Although added sugars can most likely be safely consumed in low amounts as part of a healthy diet, little research has been done to establish a threshold between adverse effects and health, making this an important future research topic.
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NY Times Blog: Obesity Is Linked to at Least 13 Types of Cancer
"Most of the studies the researchers looked at were observational so can’t prove cause and effect, though researchers considered evidence sufficient if an association could not be explained by chance, bias or other confounding factors. And most compared any increases in risk to that of an adult of normal weight having a body mass index of 18.5 to 24.9. "
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The Adipose Transcriptional Response to Insulin Is Determined by Obesity, Not Insulin Sensitivity
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