My response to people that say humans HAVE to eat meat...

Options
191012141517

Replies

  • StevLL
    StevLL Posts: 921 Member
    Options
    A cow and a carrot walk into a bar, the rabbit says to the lion,..../

    Really,...Who throws a shoe?
  • laurenk182004
    laurenk182004 Posts: 1,882 Member
    Options
    I just read 4 pages of this thread. I honestly didn't think the OP was that bad, but the longer I read the more I want steak now. I can't believe how many people get so worked up about who eats what. To each their own.
  • Emilia6909
    Emilia6909 Posts: 309 Member
    Options
    I just read 4 pages of this thread. I honestly didn't think the OP was that bad, but the longer I read the more I want steak now. I can't believe how many people get so worked up about who eats what. To each their own.

    I thread like this always brings out the "professional" in a lot of members. You've gotta laugh..... All we need now is a case of Mad Cow Decease!

    I think that OP made valid points but as always, it has been taken out of context! Same old, Same old!!
  • VegesaurusRex
    Options
    We aren't carnivores. We're OMNIVORES.

    Define OMNIVORE in a way that it cannot mean either a tiger or a mouse.

    What? :huh:

    Mice can be omnivorous.... tiger's aren't.

    I'm not sure what you even mean.

    Are you saying tigers can't eat berries? Please be very precise because I would have to bring in a bunch of studies to show you don't know what you are talking about based on a misunderstanding.

    Also, why don't you address Dr Roberts defintiion of herbivore. I respect his definition far more than that of a 3/4 Ph.D. who apparently has no idea how to cite articles defending her position.

    I will tell you my point up front. If your defintion of "omnivore" is so vague as to include every member of Animalia, then it is totally useless. I gave you several cites and precise definitions. I told you physiologically what the difference beween a carnivore and a herbivore is. You have given me nothing so far except your ex cathedra statements. I am not interested in arguing with the Pope. I want scientic answers, not opinions.

    If you are saying tigers are able to eat berries then you are wrong. Tigers cannot eat berries. If you fed cats a vegan or vegetarian diet they will get sick and die a horrible death. Cats cannot produce the amino acid taurine on their own, the only way they can get this amino acid is in meat. Omnivores which is us, pigs, dogs are able to make this amino acid with a balance diet that includes animal by produce. Cats can't live off just animal by product it has to be pure meat because of this amino acid. This is why they are a true carnivore since no meat for a cat equals death.

    First, virtually all carnivores eat berries or other plants when meat is not available. While I would not want a Tiger to try to live on blueberries, they can get nutritiion out of them and this type of food can sustain them..

    Cats have only a LIMITED ability to synthesize the essential amino acid taurine from sulfur-containing amino acids. Therefore, a cat's diet must provide taurine. It also helps for the diet to be rich in sulfur-containing amino acids. Diets low in protein, and therefore sulfur-amino acids, are more likely to induce taurine deficiency. Therefore, even though cats CAN synthesize taurine, they would likely suffer and or die without meat. That is why they are carnivores. That is also why we are NOT carnivores.
  • VegesaurusRex
    Options
    Winning what? Proof that you can cite bibliographies out of an on line course syllibus? Okay, you give me the proper citation, with page number for everything that is precisely relevant to what you want to prove.. Oh, yes, and again for the one hundreth time WHAT IS YOUR POINT. WHAT ARE YOU CLAIMING. You still haven't gotten to square one.


    Oops. Sorry I though the 3/4 Ph.D. posted that. I do understand what YOUR point is and it is just wrong. This is a good example of what we call "junk science."
  • _VoV
    _VoV Posts: 1,494 Member
    Options
    It's all , carbon, hydrogen , nitrogen and oxygen in my view , people can decide whatever they want to eat.

    I might want to point out that YOU TOO are made from carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen. Even the brain that allows you to type this here is made of those components. Are you advocating for cannibalism?
  • RonSwanson66
    RonSwanson66 Posts: 1,150 Member
    Options

    I have ignored this every time you have posted this. It is just crap. You might as well cite an opinion piece in the National Inquirer as proof.

    Really?
    John McArdle, Ph.D., an anatomist and primatologist, a vegetarian, and scientific advisor to the American Anti-Vivisection Society, summarizes the situation clearly [McArdle 1996, p. 174]:
    Agren JJ, Tormala ML, Nenonen MT, Hanninen OO (1995) "Fatty acid composition of erythrocyte, platelet, and serum lipids in strict vegans." Lipids, vol. 30, pp. 365-369.

    Aiello L (1992) "Body size and energy requirements." In: The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Evolution, Cambridge University Press, pp. 41-45.

    Aiello LC, Wheeler P (1995) "The expensive tissue hypothesis: the brain and the digestive system in human and primate evolution." Current Anthropology, vol. 36, pp. 199-221.

    Albert M, Mathan V, Baker S (1980) "Vitamin B-12 synthesis by human small intestinal bacteria." Nature, vol. 283, pp. 781-782.

    Allman WF (1994) The Stone Age Present, Simon and Schuster, New York.

    Altar T (date unknown--may be 1994) "What might be the 'natural' diet of human beings?" Available on Internet at: http://arrs.envirolink.org/ar-voices/natural_diet.html.

    Anapol F, Lee S (1994) "Morphological adaptation to diet in platyrrhine primates." American Journal of Physical Anthropology, vol. 94, pp. 239-261.

    Anderson GJ, Connor WE, Corliss JD (1990) "Docosahexaenoic acid is the preferred dietary n-3 fatty acid for the development of the brain and retina." Pediatric Research, vol. 27, pp. 89-97.

    Anderson G, Connor W (1994) "Accretion of n-3 fatty acids in the brain and retina of chicks fed a low linolenic acid diet supplemented with docosahexaenoic acid." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 59, pp. 1338-1346.

    Ansell GB (1973) "Historical introduction." In: Form and Function of Phospholipids, eds. Ansell GB, Hawthore JN, Dawson RMC; Elsevier Scientific Publishing, New York. (pp. 1-8)

    Armstrong BK, Brown JB, Clarke HT, Crooke DK, Hahnel R, Masarel JR, Ratajczak T (1981) "Diet and reproductive hormones: a study of vegetarian and nonvegetarian postmenopausal women." Journal of the National Cancer Institute, vol. 67, pp. 761-767.

    Baker S (1981) "Contribution of the microflora of the small intestine to the vitamin B-12 nutriture of man (letter)." Nutrition Reviews, vol. 39, pp. 147-148.

    Bannerjee DK, Chatterjea JB (1963) "Vitamin B-12 content of some articles of Indian diets and effect of cooking on it." British Journal of Nutrition, vol. 17, pp. 385-389.

    Bar-Sella P, Rakover Y, Ratner D (1990) "Vitamin B12 and folate levels in long-term vegans." Israel Journal of Medical Sciences, vol. 26, pp. 309-312.

    Berglas A (1957) Cancer: Nature, Cause and Cure. Institute Pasteur, Paris.

    Biesalski H (1997) "Bioavailability of vitamin A." European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 51 (suppl 1), pp. S71-S75.

    Blass EM (1987) "Opioids, sweets, and a mechanism for positive affect: broad motivational implications." In: Sweetness, ed. Dobbing J; Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 115-126.

    Bjorkman L, Mottett K, Nylander M, Vahter M, Lind B, Friberg L (1995) "Selenium concentrations in the brain after exposure to methylmercury: relations between the inorganic mercury fraction and selenium." Archives of Toxicology, vol. 69, pp. 228-234 (abstract).

    Boesch C, Tomasello M (1998) "Chimpanzee and human cultures." Current Anthropology, vol. 39, pp. 591-614.

    Bonkovsky H, Ponka P, Bacor B, Drysdale J, Tavill A (1996) "An update on iron metabolism: summary of the Fifth International Conference on Disorders of Iron Metabolism." Hepatology, vol. 24, pp. 718-729 (abstract).

    Brace CL, Smith SL, Hunt KD (1991) "What big teeth you had Grandma! Human tooth size, past and present." In: Advances in Dental Anthropology, eds. Kelley MA, Larsen CS; Wiley-Liss, New York, pp. 33-57.

    Brown E, Micozzi M, Craft N, Bieri J, Beecher G, Edwards B, Rose A, Taylor P, Smith Jr. J (1989) "Plasma carotenoids in normal men after a single ingestion of vegetables or purified beta-carotene." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 49, pp. 1258-1265.

    Butynski TM (1982) "Vertebrate predation by primates: a review of hunting patterns and prey." Journal of Human Evolution, vol. 11, pp. 421-430.

    Carlson S, Rhodes P, Ferguson M (1986) "Docosahexaenoic acid status of preterm infants at birth and following feeding with human milk or formula." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 44, pp. 798-804.

    Campbell TC (1989) "A study on diet, nutrition and disease in the People's Republic of China, Part I." Contemporary Nutrition, vol. 14(5), pp. 1-2.

    Campbell TC, Junshi C (1994) "Diet and chronic degenerative diseases: perspectives from China." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 59(suppl), pp. 1153S-1161S.

    Chanarin I (1969) The Megaloblastic Anaemias. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford (U.K.), pp. 40-63, 708-714.

    Chapman CA, Chapman LJ (1990) "Dietary variability in primate populations." Primates, vol. 31, pp. 121-128.

    Chivers DJ, Hladik CM (1980) "Morphology of the gastrointestinal tract in primates: comparisons with other mammals in relation to diet." Journal of Morphology, vol. 166, pp. 337-386.

    Chivers DJ, Hladik CM (1984) "Diet and gut morphology in primates." In: Food Acquisition and Processing in Primates, eds. Chivers DJ, Wood BA, Bilsborough A; Plenum Press, New York, pp. 213-230.

    Chivers DJ (1992) "Diets and guts." In: The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Evolution, Cambridge University Press, pp. 60-64.

    Chivers DJ, Langer P (1994) "Gut form and function: variations and terminology." In: The Digestive System in Mammals: Food, Form, and Function, Cambridge University Press, pp. 3-8.

    Chivers DJ (1998) "Measuring food intake in wild animals: primates." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, vol. 57, pp. 321-332.

    Clastres P (1972) "The Guayaki." In: Hunters and Gatherers Today, ed. Biccheri M; Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, Inc., New York, pp. 138-174.

    Cohen BL (1994) "Invited commentary: in defense of ecologic studies for testing a linear-no threshold theory." American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 139, pp. 765-768.

    Collier GR, Greenberg GR, Wolever TMS, Jenkins DA (1988) "The acute effect of fat on insulin secretion." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 66, pp. 323-326.

    Connor WE, Lowensohn R, Hatcher L (1996) "Increased docosahexaenoic acid levels in human newborn infants by administration of sardines and fish oil during pregnancy." Lipids, vol.31 (suppl), pp. S-183 to S-187.

    Conquer JA, Holub BJ (1996) "Supplementation with an algae source of docosahexaenoic acid increases (n-3) fatty acid status and alters selected risk factors for heart disease in vegetarian subjects." Journal of Nutrition, vol. 126, pp. 3032-3039.

    Cooper B, Rosenblatt D (1987) "Inherited defects of vitamin B-12 metabolism." Annual Review of Nutrition, vol. 7, pp. 291-320.

    Conrad M, Benjamin B, Williams H, Foy A (1967) "Human absorption of hemoglobin-iron." Gastroenterology, vol. 53, pp. 5-10.

    Cordain L, Miller J, Mann N (1998) "(letter) Scant evidence of periodic starvation among hunter-gatherers." Diabetologia, vol. 43, pp. 383-384.

    Corder, CA (1998) "Communications: longevity and plant foods--attributions compared to associations." Vegetarian Nutrition: An International Journal, vol. 2, issue 3, pp. 129-132.

    Craig W (1994) "Iron status of vegetarians." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 59(suppl), pp. 1233S-1237S.

    Crane MG, Register UD, Lukens RH, Gregory R (1998) "Cobalamin (CBL) studies on two total vegetarian (vegan) families." Vegetarian Nutrition: An International Journal, vol. 2, issue 3, pp. 87-92.

    Cziko G (1995) Without Miracles: Universal Selection Theory and the Second Darwinian Revolution, MIT Press (Bradford Books), Cambridge, Massachusetts.

    Davidson L, Lonnerdahl B (1989) "Fe-saturation and proteolysis of human lactoferrin: effect on brush-border receptor mediated uptake of Fe and Mn." American Journal of Physiology, vol. 257, pp. G931-G934.

    de Pee S, West C, Muhlilal D, Hautvast J (1995) "Lack of improvement in vitamin A status with increased consumption of dark-green leafy vegetables." Lancet, vol. 346, pp. 75-81.

    de Pee S, West C (1996) "Dietary carotenoids and their role in combating vitamin A deficiency: a review of the literature." European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 50(suppl 3), pp. S38-S53.

    Deacon T (1992) "Biological aspects of language." In: The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Evolution, Cambridge University Press, pp. 128-133.

    Dinshah H. Jay (1976-1977) "Fruit for thought: should man live by fruit alone?" (a 4-part article series). Ahimsa, Part 1 in vol. 17, no. 2 (Mar./Apr. 1976), pp. 1, 4, 7-8; Part 2 in vol. 17, no. 3 (May/Jun. 1976), pp. 1, 7-8; Part 3 in vol. 17, no. 4 (Jul./Aug., Sept./Oct., Nov./Dec. 1976 combined issue), pp. 1-9, 11-12; Part 4 in vol. 18, no. 1 (Jan./Mar. 1977), pp. 1-3, 5-8.

    Dong A, Scott SC (1982) "Serum vitamin B-12 and blood cell values in vegetarians." Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, vol. 26, pp. 209-216.

    Dunn FL (1968) "Epidemiological factors: health and disease in hunter-gatherers." In: Man the Hunter, eds. Lee RB, DeVore I; Aldine Publishing, Chicago, pp. 221-228.

    Eaton SB, Konner M (1985) "Paleolithic nutrition: a consideration of its nature and current implications." New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 312, pp. 283-289.

    Eaton SB, Konner M, Shostak M (1988) "Stone agers in the fast lane: chronic degenerative diseases in evolutionary perspective." American Journal of Medicine, vol. 84, pp. 739-749.

    Eaton SB, Pike M, et al. (1994) "Women's reproductive cancers in evolutionary context." The Quarterly Review of Biology, vol. 69, pp. 353-367.

    Eaton, S. Boyd; Eaton, Stanley B. III; Konner MJ; Shostak M (1996) "An evolutionary perspective enhances understanding of human nutritional requirements." Journal of Nutrition, vol. 126 (1996), pp. 1732-1740.

    Eaton SB, Eaton SB III (1998) "Evolution, diet and health," 14th Int'l Cong of Anthro and Ethno Sciences. Available on Internet at: http://www.cast.uark.edu/local/icaes/conferences/wburg/posters/sboydeaton/eaton.htm.

    Eaton SB, Eaton SB III, Sinclair AJ, Cordain L, Mann NJ (1998) "Dietary intake of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids during the Paleolithic." World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics, vol. 83, pp. 12-23.

    Ember CR (1978) "Myths about hunter-gatherers." Ethnology, vol. 17, pp. 439-448.

    Estes JA (1989) "Adaptations for aquatic living by carnivores." In: Carnivore Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution, ed. Gittleman JL; Cornell University Press, pp. 242-282.

    FAO (1995) "Nutrition science policy. WHO and FAO joint consultation: fats and oils in human nutrition." Nutrition Reviews, vol. 53, pp. 202-205.

    Fallon S, Enig MG (1997) "The Cave Man Diet." Paleodiet e-mail list, May 23, 1997, posting no. 160.

    Farquharson J, Cockburn F, Patrick W, Jamieson E, Logan R (1992) "Infant cerebral cortex phospholipid fatty-acid composition and diet." Lancet, vol. 340, pp. 810-813.

    Feder J, et al. (1996) "A novel MHC class l-like gene is mutated in patients with hereditary haemochromatosis." Nature Genetics, vol. 13, pp. 399-408.

    Felsenstein J (1987) "Estimation of hominoid phylogeny from a DNA hybridization data set." Journal of Molecular Evolution, vol. 26, pp. 132-131.

    Foley R (1982) "A reconsideration of the role of predation on large mammals in tropical hunter-gatherer adaptation." Man (The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute), vol. 17, pp. 393-402.

    Foley RA, Lee PC (1991) "Ecology and energetics of encephalization in hominid evolution." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, vol. 334, pp. 223-232.

    Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (1970) Amino-Acid Content of Foods and Biological Data on Proteins.

    Fossey D, Harcourt AH (1977) "Feeding ecology of free-ranging mountain gorilla (gorilla gorilla beringei)." In: Primate Ecology: Studies of Feeding and Ranging Behaviour in Lemurs, Monkeys, and Apes, ed. Clutton-Brock TH; Academic Press, New York, pp. 415-447.

    Freedman D (1988) "From mouse to man: the quantitative assessment of cancer risks." Statistical Science, vol. 3, pp. 3-56.

    Freedman D (1999) Ecological Inference and the Ecological Fallacy. Technical Report No. 549, Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley. Available on Internet at: http://www.stat.berkeley.edu/tech-reports/549.abstract (abstract only); or http://www.stat.berkeley.edu/~census/549.pdf (full report, PDF, requires Abobe Acrobat Reader); or http://www.stat.berkeley.edu/tech-reports/549.ps.Z (full report, PostScript compressed using Unix compress command; Note: this is not a .zip file).

    Freeland-Graves J (1988) "Mineral adequacy of vegetarian diets." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 48, pp. 859-862.

    Friberg L, Mottett N (1989) "Accumulation of methylmercury and inorganic mercury in the brain." Biological Trace Element Research, vol. 21, pp. 210-206 (abstract).

    Friedman M, Rosenman RH, Byers S (1964) "Serum lipids and conjunctival circulation after fat ingestion in men exhibiting type-A behavior pattern." Circulation, vol. 29, pp. 874-886.

    Galdikas BMF, Teleki G (1981) "Variations in subsistence activities of female and male pongids: new perspectives on the origins of hominid labor division." Current Anthropology, vol. 22, pp. 241-256.

    Garn SM, Leonard WR (1989) "What did our ancestors eat?" Nutrition Reviews, vol. 47, pp. 337-345.

    Garner GW, Knick ST, Douglas DC (1990) "Seasonal movements of adult female polar bears in the Bering and Chukchi Seas." International Conference on Bear Research and Management, vol. 8, pp. 219-226.

    Gaull G (1982) "Taurine nutrition in man." In: Taurine in Nutrition and Neurology (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol. 139), eds. Huxtable R, Pasantes-Morales H; Plenum Press, New York, pp. 89-95.

    Gaull G (1986) "Taurine as a conditionally essential nutrient in man." Journal of the American College of Nutrition, vol. 5, pp. 121-125.

    Gerster H (1998) "Can adults adequately convert alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) to eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3)?" International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research, vol. 68, pp. 159-173.

    Gibson RA, Neumann MA, Makrides (1996) "Effect of docosahexaenoic acid on brain composition and neural function in term infants." Lipids, vol. 31 (suppl), pp. S-177 to S-182.

    Gittleman, JL (1994) "Are the pandas successful specialists or evolutionary failures?" BioScience, vol. 44, pp. 456-464.

    Glendinning J (1994) "Is the bitter rejection response always adaptive?" Physiology and Behavior, vol. 56, pp. 1217-1227.

    Goodall J (1986) The Chimpanzees of Gombe, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

    Goodman G (1975) "Protein sequence and immunological specificity: their role in phylogenetic studies of primates." In: Phylogeny of the Primates, eds. Luckett WP, Szalay FS; Plenum Press, New York, pp. 219-248.

    Gould S, Lewontin R (1994) "The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian paradigm: a critique of the adaptationist programme." In: Conceptual Issues in Evolutionary Biology, ed. Sober E; MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Note: this is a reprint of an article that was originally published in 1978.

    Grasbeck R, Kouvonen I, Lundberg M, Tenhunen R (1979) "An intestinal receptor for heme." Scandinavian Journal of Haematology, vol. 23, pp. 5-9.

    Grasbeck R, Majuri R, Kouvonen I, Tenhunen R (1979) "Spectral and other studies on the intestinal haem receptor of the pig." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, vol. 700, pp. 137-142.

    Greenland S, Robins J (1994a) "Invited commentary: ecologic studies--biases, misconceptions, and counterexamples." American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 139, pp. 747-760.

    Greenland S, Robins J (1994b) "Accepting the limits of ecologic studies: Drs. Greenland and Robins reply to Drs. Piantadosi and Cohen." American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 139, pp. 769-771.

    Groves CP (1986) "Systematics of the great apes." In: Comparative Primate Biology, Volume 1: Systematics, Evolution, and Anatomy, eds. Swindler DR, Erwin J; Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York, pp. 187-217.

    Hamilton III WJ, Busse CD (1978) "Primate carnivory and its significance to human diets." Bioscience, vol. 28, pp. 761-766.

    Harcourt AH, Harcourt SA (1984) "Insectivory by gorillas." Folia Primatologica, vol. 43, pp. 229-233.

    Harding RSO (1981) "An order of omnivores: nonhuman primate diets in the wild." In: Omnivorous Primates, eds. Harding RSO, Teleki G; Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 191-214.

    Hathcock JN, Troendle GJ (1991) "Oral cobalamin for treatment of pernicious anemia? (editorial)." Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 265, pp. 96-97.

    Hennigar G, Greene W, Walker E, de Saussure C (1979) "Hemochromatosis caused by excessive vitamin iron intake." American Journal of Pathology, vol. 96, pp. 611-623 (abstract).

    Herbert V (1988) "Vitamin B-12: plant sources, requirements, and assay." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 48, pp. 852-858.

    Herbert V (1994) "Staging vitamin B-12 (cobalamin) status in vegetarians." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 59(suppl), pp. 1213S-1222S.

    Herbert V, Das K (1994) "Folic acid and vitamin B-12." In: Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, vol. 1, eds. Shils M, Olson J, Shike M; Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, pp. 402-425.

    Herbert V, Drivas G, Manusselis C, Mackler B, Eng J, Schwartz E (1984) "Are colon bacteria a major source of cobalamin analogues in human tissues?" Transactions of the Association of American Physicians, vol. 97, pp. 161-171.

    Heyssel RM, Bozian RC, Darby WJ, Bell MC (1966) "Vitamin B-12 turnover in man." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 18, pp. 176-184.

    Hiiemae K (1984) "Functional aspects of jaw morphology." In: Food Acquisition and Processing in Primates, eds. Chivers DJ, Wood BA, Bilsborough A; Plenum Press, New York, pp. 257-282.

    Hill K, Hawkes K, Hurtado M, Kaplan H (1984) "Seasonal variance in the diet of Ache hunter-gatherers in eastern Paraguay." Human Ecology, vol. 12, pp. 101-135.

    Hill WCO (1958) "Pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small and large intestine. Form and position." In: Primatologia III, eds. Hofer H, Schultz AH, Starck D; S. Karger, Basel (Switzerland), pp. 139-207.

    Hladik CM, Chivers DJ, Pasquet P (1999) "On diet and gut size in non-human primates and humans: is there a relationship to brain size?" Current Anthropology, vol. 40, pp. 695-697.

    Hoffman DR, Birch EE, Birch DG, Uauy RD (1993) "Effects of supplementation with w3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on retinal and cortical development in premature infants." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 57 (suppl), pp. 807S-812S.

    Huffman MH (1997) "Current evidence for self-medication in primates: a multidisciplinary perspective." Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, vol. 40, pp. 171-200.

    Hunt KD (1994) "The evolution of human bipedality: ecology and functional morphology." Journal of Human Evolution, vol. 26, pp. 183-202.

    Hurrell R (1997) "Bioavailability of iron." European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 51(suppl 1), pp. S4-S8.

    Huxtable R (1992) "Physiological actions of taurine." Physiological Reviews, vol. 72, pp. 101-163.

    Immerman, AM (1981) "Vitamin B12 status on a vegetarian diet. A critical review." World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics, vol. 37, pp. 38-54.

    Itzkoff SW (1985) Triumph of the Intelligent, Paideia, Ashfield, Massachusetts.

    Jones S (1992) "Natural Selection in Humans." In: The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Evolution, Cambridge University Press, pp. 284-287.

    Junshi C, Campbell TC, Junyao L, Peto R (1990) Diet, Life-style, and Mortality in China, Oxford University Press.

    Jumpsen J, Clandinin M (1995) Brain Development: Relationship to Dietary Lipid and Lipid Metabolism, AOCS Press, Champaign, Illinois.

    Kanazawa S, Herbert V (1982) "Vitamin B-12 analog content in human red cells, liver and brain." Clinical Research, vol. 30, p. 504A.

    Kelley DS, Nelson GJ, Love JE, et al. (1993) "Dietary alpha-linolenic acid alters tissue fatty acid composition, but not blood lipids, lipoproteins or coagulation status in humans." Lipids, vol. 28, pp. 533-537.

    Key T, Fraser G, Thorogood M, Appleby P, et al. (1998) "Mortality in vegetarians and non-vegetarians: a collaborative analysis of 8,300 deaths among 76,000 men and women in five prospective studies." Public Health Nutrition, vol. 1, pp. 33-41.

    Knott C (1998) "Orangutans in the wild." National Geographic, vol. 194(2), pp. 30-57.

    Kortlandt A (1984) "Habitat richness, foraging range and diet in chimpanzees and some other primates." In: Food Acquisition and Processing in Primates, eds. Chivers DJ, Wood BA, Bilsborough A; Plenum Press, New York, pp. 119-160.

    Koshimizu K, Ohigashi H, Huffman M (1994) "Use of Vernonia amygdalina by wild chimpanzee: possible roles of its bitter and related constituents." Physiology & Behavior, vol. 56, pp. 1209-1216.

    Krajcovicova-Kudlackova M, Simoncic R, Bederov A, Klvanova J (1997) "Plasma fatty acid profile and alternative nutrition." Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, vol. 41, pp. 365-370.

    Kuzminski AM, Del Giacco EJ, Allen RH, Stabler SP, Lindenbaum J (1998) "Effective treatment of cobalamin deficiency with oral cobalamin." Blood, vol. 92, pp. 1191-1198.

    Laidlaw S, Shultz T, Cecchino J, Kopple J (1988) "Plasma and urine taurine levels in vegans." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 47, pp. 660-663.

    Langley G (1995) Vegan Nutrition, Vegan Society (U.K.).

    Le Gros Clark WE (1964) The Fossil Evidence for Human Evolution, University of Chicago Press.

    Lederle FA (1991) "Oral cobalamin for pernicious anemia: medicine's best kept secret? (commentary)." Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 265, pp. 94-95.

    Lee A (1996) "The transition of Australian Aboriginal diet and nutritional health." World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics, vol. 79, pp. 1-52.

    Lee RB (1968) "What hunters do for a living, or, how to make out on scarce resources." In: Man the Hunter, eds. Lee RB, DeVore I; Aldine Atherton, Chicago, pp. 30-48.

    Lee RB (1979) The !Kung San: Men, Women, and Work in a Foraging Society, Cambridge University Press.

    Lee-Thorp JA, van der Merwe NJ, Brain CK (1994) "Diet of Australopithecus robustus at Swartkrans from stable carbon isotopic analysis." Journal of Human Evolution, vol. 27, pp. 361-372.

    Leonard WR, Robertson ML (1992) "Nutritional requirements and human evolution: a bioenergetics model." American Journal of Human Biology, vol. 4, pp. 179-195.

    Leonard WR, Robertson ML (1994) "Evolutionary perspectives on human nutrition: the influence of brain and body size on diet and metabolism." American Journal of Human Biology, vol. 6, pp. 77-88.

    Lewin R (1988) "New views emerge on hunters and gatherers." Science, vol. 240, pp. 1146-1148.

    Lieberman P (1992) "Human speech and language." In: The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Evolution, Cambridge University Press, pp. 134-137.

    Lin DS, Anderson GJ, Connor WE, Neuringer M (1994) "Effect of dietary n-3 fatty acids upon the phospholipid molecular species of the monkey retina." Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, vol. 35, pp. 794-803.

    MacLarnon AM, Martin RD, Chivers DJ, Hladik CM (1986) "Some aspects of gastro-intestinal allometry in primates and other mammals." In: Definition et Origines de L'Homme, ed. Sakka M, Editions du CNRS, Paris, pp. 293-302.

    Mann AE (1981) "Diet and human evolution." In: Omnivorous Primates, eds. Harding RSO, Teleki G; Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 10-36.

    Mann GV, Oswald OA, Price DL, Merrill JM (1962) "Cardiovascular disease in African Pygmies--a survey of the health status, serum lipids and diet of Pygmies in Congo." Journal of Chronic Diseases, vol. 15, pp. 341-371.

    Martin FS (1990) "40,000 years of extinctions on the planet of doom." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, vol. 82, pp. 187-201.

    Martin R (1992) "Scaling." In: The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Evolution, Cambridge University Press, p. 42.

    Martin RD, Chivers DJ, Maclarnon AM, Hladik CM (1985) "Gastrointestinal allometry in primates and other mammals." In: Size and Scaling in Primate Biology, ed. Jungers WL; Plenum Press, New York, pp. 61-89.

    McArdle J (1996) "Humans are omnivores." The Vegan Handbook, eds. Wasserman D, Mangels R; Vegetarian Resource Group, Baltimore, Maryland, pp. 173-174. Also available on Internet at: http://www.vrg.org/nutshell/omni.htm.

    McCullagh KG (1972) "Arteriosclerosis in the African elephant." Atherosclerosis, vol. 16, pp. 307-335.

    McGrew WC (1998) "Culture in nonhuman primates?" Annual Review of Anthropology, vol. 27, pp. 301-328.

    Miller J, Colagiuri S (1994) "The carnivore connection: dietary carbohydrate in the evolution of NIDDM." Diabetologia, vol. 37, pp. 1280-1286.

    Mills, Milton R (date unknown) "The comparative anatomy of eating." Available on Internet at: http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/2062/ana.HTML.

    Milton K (1987) "Primate diets and gut morphology: implications for hominid evolution." In: Food and Evolution: Toward a Theory of Food Habits, eds. Harris M, Ross EB; Temple University Press, Philadelphia, pp. 93-115.

    Milton K (1993) "Diet and primate evolution." Scientific American, August issue, vol. 269(2), pp. 86-93.

    Milton K, Demment MW (1988) "Digestion and passage kinetics of chimpanzees fed high and low fiber diets and comparison with human data." Journal of Nutrition, vol. 118, pp. 1082-1088.

    Moir R (1994) "The 'carnivorous' herbivore." In: The Digestive System in Mammals, eds. Chivers DJ, Langer P; Cambridge University Press, pp. 87-102.

    Moodie P (1981) "Australian aborigines." Western Diseases: Their Emergence and Prevention, eds. Trowell H, Burkitt D; Harvard University Press, pp. 154-167.

    Mozafar A, Oertli JJ (1992) "Uptake of a microbially-produced vitamin (B12) by soybean roots." Plant and Soil, vol. 139, pp. 23-30.

    Mozafar A (1994) "Enrichment of some B-vitamins in plants with application of organic fertilizers." Plant and Soil, vol. 167, pp. 305-311.

    Mozafar A (1997) "Is there vitamin B-12 in plants or not? A plant nutritionist's view." Vegetarian Nutrition: An International Journal, vol. 1, issue 2, pp. 50-52.

    Muir J, Walker K, et al. (1998) "Modulation of fecal markers relevant to colon cancer risk: a high-starch Chinese diet did not generate expected beneficial changes relative to a Western-type diet." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 68, pp. 372-379.

    Murdock, GP (1967) "Ethnographic atlas: a summary." Ethnology, vol. 6, pp. 109-236.

    National Research Council (NRC) (1989) Recommended Dietary Allowances, 10th edition, National Academy Press, Washington.

    Natural Hygiene Press (1982) Fit Food for Humanity. No author listed; believed to be a rewrite of an earlier booklet by Arthur Andrews (Fit Food for Man, 1970).

    Naughton JM, O'Dea K, Sinclair AJ (1986) "Animal foods in traditional Australian Aborigine diets: polyunsaturated and low in fat." Lipids, vol. 21, pp. 684-690.

    Neel JV (1962) "Diabetes mellitus: a 'thrifty' genotype rendered detrimental by 'progress'?" American Journal of Human Genetics, vol. 14, pp. 353-362.

    Neel JV (1982) "The thrifty genotype revisited." In: The Genetics of Diabetes Mellitus, Proceedings of the Serono Symposia, vol. 47, pp. 283-293.

    Nettleton J (1995) Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Health, Chapman and Hall, New York.

    Niederau C, Strohmeyer G, Stremmle W (1994) "Epidemiology, clinical spectrum and prognosis of hemochromatosis." In: Progress in Iron Research, eds. Hershko C, Konjin A, Aisen P; Plenum Press, New York, pp. 293-302.

    Nishida T (1991) "Primate gastronomy: cultural food preferences in nonhuman primates and origins of cuisine." In: Chemical Senses, vol. 4, Appetite and Nutrition, eds. Friedman M, Tordoff M, Kare M; Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 195-209.

    Nutrition Reviews (1980) "Contribution of the microflora of the small intestine to the vitamin B-12 nutriture of man." Editorial--no author cited, vol. 38, pp. 274-275.

    O'Dea K, Spargo RM (1982) "Metabolic adaptation to a low carbohydrate-high protein ('traditional') diet in Australian Aborigines." Diabetologia, vol. 23, pp. 494-498.

    O'Dea K (1984) "Marked improvement in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in diabetic Australian Aborigines after temporary reversion to traditional lifestyle." Lipids, vol. 33, pp. 596-603.

    O'Dea K (1991) "Traditional diet and food preferences of Australian Aboriginal hunter-gatherers." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, vol. 334, pp. 233-241.

    Okuyama H (1992) "Effects of dietary essential fatty acid balance on behavior and chronic diseases." In: Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Human Nutrition, Vevey/Raven Press, New York, pp. 169-178.

    Oxtoby DW, Nachtrieb NH (1986) Principles of Modern Chemistry. Saunders College Publishing, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

    Ozanne SE, Hales CN (1998) "Thrifty yes, genetic no." Diabetologia, vol. 41, pp. 485-487.

    Pagel M, Harvey P (1988) "Recent developments in the analysis of comparative data." The Quarterly Review of Biology, vol. 63, pp. 413-440.

    Pardridge W (1976) "Inorganic mercury: selective effects on blood-brain barrier transport systems." Journal of Neurochemistry, vol. 27, pp. 333-335.

    Parker RS (1996) "Absorption, metabolism, and transport of carotenoids." The FASEB Journal, vol. 10, pp. 542-551.

    Parker ST (1990) "Why big brains are so rare: energy costs of intelligence and brain size in anthropoid primates." In: Language and Intelligence in Monkeys and Apes, eds. Parker ST, Gibson KR; Cambridge University Press, pp. 129-156.

    Peters CR, Maguire B (1981) "Wild plant foods of the Makapansgat area: a modern ecosystems analogue for Australopithecus africanus adaptations." Journal of Human Evolution, vol. 10, pp. 565-583.

    Piantadosi S (1994) "Invited commentary: ecologic studies." American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 139, pp. 761-764.

    Provonsha S (1998) "A hypothesis regarding meat and the insulin-resistant state known as Syndrome-X." Vegetarian Nutrition: An International Journal, vol. 2, issue 3, pp. 119-126.

    Rauma AL, Torronen R, Hanninen O, Mykkanen H (1995) "Vitamin B12 status of long-term adherents of a strict uncooked vegan diet ('living food diet') is compromised." Journal of Nutrition, vol. 125, pp. 2511-2515.

    Reaven GM (1994) "Syndrome X: 6 years later." Journal of Internal Medicine, vol. 236 (supplement 736), pp. 13-22.

    Reaven GM (1998a) "Hypothesis: muscle insulin resistance is the ('not-so') thrifty genotype." Diabetologia, vol. 41, pp. 482-484.

    Reaven GM (1998b) "(letter) Insulin resistance, the key to survival: a rose by any other name." Diabetologia, vol. 42, pp. 384-385.

    Reddy S, Sanders TAB, Obeid O (1994) "The influence of maternal vegetarian diet on essential fatty acid status of the newborn." European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 48, pp. 358-368.

    Richard AF (1985) Primates in Nature, W.H. Freeman and Co., New York.

    Ridley M (1983) The Explanation of Organic Diversity, Clarendon Press, Oxford, U.K.

    Ruff CB, Trinkaus E, Holliday TW (1997) "Body mass and encephalization in Pleistocene Homo." Nature, vol. 387, pp. 173-176.

    Salem N, Wegher B, Mena P, Uauy R (1996) "Arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids are biosynthesized from their 18-carbon precursors in human infants." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (U.S.), vol. 93, pp. 49-54 (abstract).

    Sanders TAB, Reddy S (1992) "The influence of a vegetarian diet on the fatty acid composition of human milk and the essential fatty acid status of the infant." Journal of Pediatrics, vol. 120, pp. S71-S77.

    Sandstrom B (1997) "Bioavailability of zinc." European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 51(suppl 1), pp. S17-S19.

    Schaeffer O (1981) "Eskimos (Inuit)." In: Western Diseases: Their Emergence and Prevention, eds. Trowell H, Burkitt D; Harvard University Press, pp. 113-128.

    Schaller GB (1963) The Mountain Gorilla, University of Chicago Press.

    Schaller GB, Qitao T, Johnson KG, Xiaoming W, Heming S, Jinchu H (1988) "The feeding ecology of giant pandas and Asiatic black bears in the Tangjiahe reserve, China." In: Carnivore Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution, ed. Gittleman JL; Cornell University Press, pp. 212-241.

    Schneider Z, Stroinski A (1987) Comprehensive B-12: Chemistry, Biochemistry, Nutrition, Ecology, Medicine, Walter de Gruyter, New York.

    Shea B (1992) "Neoteny." In: The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Evolution, Cambridge University Press, p. 102.

    Sheldon WG (1975) The Wilderness Home of the Giant Panda, University of Massachusetts Press, Amherst.

    Sibley CG, Ahlquist JE (1984) "The phylogeny of the hominoid primates, as indicated by DNA-DNA hybridization." Journal of Molecular Evolution, vol. 20, pp. 2-15.

    Sibley CG, Ahlquist JE (1987) "DNA hybridization evidence of hominoid phylogeny: results from an expanded data set." Journal of Molecular Evolution, vol. 26, pp. 99-121.

    Sicher H (1944) "Masticatory apparatus in the giant panda and the bears." In: Field Museum of Natural History (Zoological Series), Chicago.

    Sillen A (1992) "Strontium-calcium ratios (Sr/Ca) of Australopithecus robustus and associated fauna from Swartkrans." Journal of Human Evolution, vol. 23, pp. 495-516.

    Sillen A, Hall G, Armstrong R (1995) "Strontium calcium (Sr/Ca) ratios and strontium isotopic ratios (87 Sr/ 86 Sr) of Australopithecus robustus and Homo sp. from Swartkrans." Journal of Human Evolution, vol. 28, pp. 277-285.

    Solberg EE, Magnus E, Sander J, Loeb M (1998) "Vitamin B12 and folate in lactovegetarians--a controlled study of 63 Norwegian subjects." Vegetarian Nutrition: An International Journal, vol. 2, issue 2, pp. 73-75.

    Solomons N, Bulux J (1997) "Identification and production of local carotene-rich foods to combat vitamin A malnutrition." European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 51, pp. S39-S45.

    Speth JD, Spielmann KA (1983) "Energy source, protein metabolism, and hunter-gatherer subsistence strategies." Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, vol. 2, pp. 1-31.

    Speth JD (1991) "Protein selection and avoidance strategies of contemporary and ancestral foragers: unresolved issues." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, vol. 334, pp. 265-270.

    Spuhler JN (1959) "Somatic paths to culture." In: The Evolution of Man's Capacity for Culture, Wayne State University Press, Detroit, pp. 1-13.

    Stefansson V (1960) Cancer: Disease of Civilization? Hill and Wang, New York.

    Stephan H (1972) "Evolution of primate brains: a comparative anatomical investigation." In: The Functional and Evolutionary Biology of Primates, ed. Tuttle R; Aldine Atherton, Chicago, pp. 155-174.

    Stevens CE, Hume ID (1995) Comparative Physiology of the Vertebrate Digestive System, Cambridge University Press.

    Stirling I (1988) Polar Bears, University of Michigan Press.

    Story M, Brown JE (1987) "Do young children instinctively know what to eat?" New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 316, pp. 103-106.

    Strickland KP (1973) "The chemistry of phospholipids." In Form and Function of Phospholipids, eds. Ansell GB, Hawthore JN, Dawson RMC; Elsevier Scientific Publishing, New York. (pp. 9-42)

    Sussman RW (1987) "Species-specific dietary patterns in primates and human dietary adaptations." In: The Evolution of Human Behavior: Primate Models, ed. Spuhler JN; State University of New York Press, pp. 151-179.

    Talbot SL, Shields GF (1996) "A phylogeny of the bears (Ursidae) inferred from complete sequence of three mitochondrial genes." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, vol. 5, pp. 567-575 (abstract).

    Tanner NM (1981) On Becoming Human, Cambridge University Press.

    Tanner JM (1992) "Human growth and development." In: The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Evolution, Cambridge University Press, pp. 98-105.

    Tanner JM (1992b) "Evolution of the human growth curve." In: The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Evolution, Cambridge University Press, p. 100.

    Taylor R (1975) Butterflies in my Stomach, Woodbridge Press, Santa Barbara, California.

    Tefferi A, Pruthi R (1994) "The biochemical basis of cobalamin deficiency." Mayo Clinic Proceedings, vol. 69, pp. 181-186.

    Teleki G (1981) "The omnivorous diet and feeding habits of chimpanzees in Gombe National Park, Tanzania." In: Omnivorous Primates, eds. Harding RSO, Teleki G; Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 303-343.

    Temerin L, Wheatley B, Rodman P (1984) "Body size and foraging in primates." In: Adaptations for Foraging in Nonhuman Primates, eds. Rodman P, Cant J; Columbia University Press.

    Tenhunen R, Grasbeck R, Kouvonen I, Lundberg M (1980) "An intestinal receptor for heme: its partial characterization." International Journal of Biochemistry, vol. 12, pp. 713-716.

    Thornhill R (1996) "The study of adaptation." In: Readings in Animal Cognition, eds. Bekoff M, Jamieson D; MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

    Tortora GJ, Anagnostakos NP (1981) Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, Harper and Row, New York.

    Tutin CEG, Fernandez M (1992) "Insect-eating by sympatric lowland gorillas (gorilla g. gorilla) and chimpanzees (pan t. troglodytes) in the Lope Reserve, Gabon." American Journal of Primatology, vol. 28, pp. 29-40.

    Uauy R, Peirano P, Hoffman D, Mena P, Birch D, Birch E (1996) "Role of essential fatty acids in the function of the developing nervous system." Lipids, vol. 31 (suppl), pp. S-167 to S-176.

    U.S. Dept. of Agriculture (USDA) Composition of Foods handbook series: (1984) handbook 8-11, Vegetables and Vegetable Products; (1986) handbook 8-16, Legumes and Legume Products; (1989) handbook 8-20, Cereal Grains and Pasta; U.S. Government Printing Office.

    van Lawick-Goodall J (1971) In the Shadow of Man, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.

    Wakayama EJ, Dillwith JW, Howard RW, Blomquist GJ (1984) "Vitamin B-12 levels in selected insects." Insect Biochemistry, vol. 14, pp. 175-179.

    Wapner R (1990) Protein Nutrition and Mineral Absorption, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.

    Wardlaw G (1999) Perspectives in Nutrition (4th edition). McGraw-Hill, New York.

    Washburn SL (1959) "Speculations on the interrelations of the history of tools and biological evolution." In: The Evolution of Man's Capacity for Culture, Wayne State University Press, Detroit, pp. 21-31.

    Wang X, Krinsky N, Tang G, Russell R (1992) "Retinoic acid can be produced from excentric cleavage of beta-carotene in human intestinal mucosa." Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, vol. 293, pp. 298-304.

    Wang X (1994) "Review: absorption and metabolism of beta-carotene." Journal of the American College of Nutrition, vol. 13, pp. 314-325.

    Watts DP (1989) "Ant eating behavior of mountain gorillas." Primates, vol. 30, pp. 121-125.

    Wenxun F, Parker R, Parpia B, Yinsheng Q, Cassano P, Crawford M, Leyton J, Tian J, Junyao L, Junshi C, Campbell TC (1990) "Erythrocyte fatty acids, plasma lipids, and cardiovascular disease in rural China." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 52, pp. 1077-1036.

    Westergaard GC, Suomi SJ (1994) "A simple stone-tool technology in monkeys." Journal of Human Evolution, vol. 27, pp. 399-404.

    Williams WR (1908) The Natural History of Cancer. William Wood and Company, New York.

    Wood BA (1995) "Evolution of the early hominid masticatory system: mechanisms, events, and triggers." In: Paleoclimate and Evolution, with Emphasis on Human Origins, eds. Vrba ES, Denton GH, Partridge TC, Burckle LH; Yale University Press, New Haven, pp. 438-450.

    Courtesy link to Yale University Press's web page for the book Paleoclimate and Evolution
    graciously provided in exchange for permission to reproduce Fig. 29.1 from the above article.

    Wood C (1994) "The correspondence between diet and masticatory morphology in a range of extant primates." Zeitschrift fuer Morphologie und Anthropologie, vol. 80, pp. 19-50 (abstract).

    Woods J, Ward G, Salem J (1996) "Is docosahexaenoic acid necessary in infant formula? Evaluation of high linoleate diets in the neonatal rat." Pediatric Research, vol. 40, pp. 687-694.

    Young V, Pellett P (1994) "Plant proteins in relation to human protein and amino acid nutrition." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 59(suppl), pp. 1203S-1212S.

    Zephyr (1996) Instinctive Eating: The Lost Knowledge of Optimum Nutrition, Pan Piper Press, Pahoa, Hawaii.

    Zhang Y-P, Ryder OA (1994) "Phylogenetic relationships of bears (the Ursidae) inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, vol. 3, pp. 351-359.

    Zuckerman S (1933) Functional Affinities of Man, Monkeys, and Apes. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., London.

    http://www.beyondveg.com/billings-t/comp-anat/comp-anat-refs1b.shtm

    http://www.beyondveg.com/billings-t/comp-anat/comp-anat-refs1a.shtml

    Winning!

    Winning what? Proof that you can cite bibliographies out of an on line course syllibus? Okay, you give me the proper citation, with page number for everything that is precisely relevant to what you want to prove.. Oh, yes, and again for the one hundreth time WHAT IS YOUR POINT. WHAT ARE YOU CLAIMING. You still haven't gotten to square one.

    RTFA.

    The citations are all linked from the article you described as "an opinion piece".
  • hollyeverhart
    hollyeverhart Posts: 397 Member
    Options
    You don't "have" to eat meat. Some people "choose" too. I just happen to choose NOT to EVER eat it c: Yay vegetarians & vegans lol
  • VegesaurusRex
    Options
    Yeah, well, I guess that is the difference between living in a civilized place and living in a jungle.
    Indeed. The majority of Western civilization still eats meat. The fact that you don't doesn't make you any more civilized.

    The fact that I am literate makes me civilized. And by the way, the vast majority of the human race does NOT eat meat. In most countries in the world, particularly the third world, meat is too expensive to be part of the diet.

    The fact that I don't eat meat makes more more ethical.
  • JessiC1984
    JessiC1984 Posts: 97 Member
    Options
    Wow, can someone just kill this thread now? it's obviously causing fights, and I thought we didn't allow that here?
    What I chose to eat is totally irrelevant to you, just like what you chose to eat is totally irrelevant to me.
  • servilia
    servilia Posts: 3,452 Member
    Options
    Haven't had any meat in over a month now, and I'm content.

    I've never met a person who was malnourished simply because they don't eat meat.

    And I suppose you did a full check up with blood work on each of these people and so you know for a fact they're not malnourished? lol
  • Indy_Mario
    Options
    The fact that I am literate makes me civilized. And by the way, the vast majority of the human race does NOT eat meat. In most countries in the world, particularly the third world, meat is too expensive to be part of the diet.

    The fact that I don't eat meat makes more more ethical.

    Ok, now this is total bull-*kitten*. My family comes from one of those "3rd world countries" and we eat more meat than people eat here!
    Oh yeah, we die due to crime...not due to meat eating, in my 3rd world country
  • VegesaurusRex
    Options
    Yeah, well, I guess that is the difference between living in a civilized place and living in a jungle.
    Indeed. The majority of Western civilization still eats meat. The fact that you don't doesn't make you any more civilized.

    The fact that I am literate makes me civilized. And by the way, the vast majority of the human race does NOT eat meat. In most countries in the world, particularly the third world, meat is too expensive to be part of the diet.

    The fact that I don't eat meat makes more more ethical.

    Whoops, sorry. I promised I'd play nice Take that back.
  • VegesaurusRex
    Options
    The fact that I am literate makes me civilized. And by the way, the vast majority of the human race does NOT eat meat. In most countries in the world, particularly the third world, meat is too expensive to be part of the diet.

    The fact that I don't eat meat makes more more ethical.

    Ok, now this is total bull-*kitten*. My family comes from one of those "3rd world countries" and we eat more meat than people eat here!
    Oh yeah, we die due to crime...not due to meat eating, in my 3rd world country

    Okay, what is the name of your third world country. I want to remember never to visit there.
  • raindancer
    raindancer Posts: 993 Member
    Options
    I spent 16 happy healthy years growing up vegetarian (then I got a taste for the flesh). Point is, 16 years, happy and healthy, lucky omnivorous us, we can eat it but we don't Have to.

    I just woke up one day and lost my taste for all meat except shrimp...I never knew why but it lasted for 2 years then I went back to eating meat. I have never been able to explain it but I am glad I wasn't critizied for my choice to do so.
  • Elizabeth_C34
    Elizabeth_C34 Posts: 6,376 Member
    Options
    trainwreckthre128601427290668186.jpg
  • VegesaurusRex
    Options
    The citations are all linked from the article you described as "an opinion piece".

    It is an opinion piece. Any article that does not appear in a peer-reviewed journal is an opinon, not a serious article. Sorry.
  • summertime_girl
    summertime_girl Posts: 3,945 Member
    Options
    Eat meat, don't eat meat. Don't worry about what others eat. It's like I say to my kids when one of them whines about the other, "just worry about yourself!"
  • TurtleTape
    TurtleTape Posts: 254 Member
    Options
    The citations are all linked from the article you described as "an opinion piece".

    It is an opinion piece. Any article that does not appear in a peer-reviewed journal is an opinon, not a serious article. Sorry.

    If you want to be like that, every article is an opinion, as no person is without bias. An intelligent reader/researcher will look at the citations for any article they read and decide from there whether or not it is worth reading and trusting, they will not simply ignore it because it is not in a journal.
  • servilia
    servilia Posts: 3,452 Member
    Options
    The obesity rate is higher than what you posted: 33. 7% of adults and 17.3% of children are considered obese in the United States. That's 50 percent of the population!

    If you're a nurse and dealing with numbers, I urge you to brush up on your math asap. 33% of adults + 17% of children does NOT equal 50% of the whole population. yikes
This discussion has been closed.